Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a disruption in normal brain function resulting from a powerful force to the head, such as a blow or penetrating injury. Depending on the severity of the injury, it can cause both immediate and lasting symptoms. Short-term symptoms might include loss of consciousness, dizziness, and nausea, whereas long-term complications can include cognitive problems, loss of senses, seizures, and headaches, among others.

Aside from emergency surgery to address serious issues like bleeding in the brain, rehabilitation is the primary form of treatment for TBI. Its goal is to restore functions and reestablish basic skills. Recently, however, regenerative medicine, also known as stem cell therapy for TBI has also emerged as a potential treatment with the therapeutic potential to help heal connections within the nerves and brain cells, at least to some degree, to facilitate a more comprehensive recovery.

Stem cells are the foundation of all specialized …